2020 usssa umpire test

You can use this as a learning tool, after seeing areas which might need additional study -- but keep the book closed . Umpire Manual. <>stream *1"2YHerDLD$)o B4 ex {A5 \NB&ed-k+\N#yLhnrsM_ . Official Red Shirt, Black Shirt and White shirts are available from Boombah. Fill out an online form and the USSSA will contact you to confirm your interest. 3 Any bat n ot displaying the USSSA 2014 or NEW 2020 Fastpitch Only 1.20 BPF mark on the taper, will be ruled a Non -Approved illegal bat 4 Tinted eye shields are permissible on catcher's masks and defensive face shields. Umpire Awards. over the place. If you find any of these questions in error (or you just want to drop me a line), send me mail at Both R1 and R2 tag up legally and advance. 18 0 obj An umpire is considered registered once they have paid the annual registration fee and taken/passed all required tests, clinics or OJT training. <> Clinic Begins: 8:30am She may be contacted at This email address is being protected from spambots. USSSA FastPitch - 2021 Umpire Test References . There is no need to argue or get into a fight. Strong strike- I have watched different umpire's call strike's from all over the country. Some of these questions are specific to High School or Little League, a particular level of Little League or even endobj x\TW-SaP46DT{ vFcbL71SM6=&AHgMMnz6>{a@L~y{yNPBl%2)_xG$ZJ/ZxiC1EHoq) QBBdp^BfK!iu6nX\vGsU'qg$BZv]E~f*x\}NdG/! 'aAb NB?nir*=>n\: ^7+TZ:?}A=AfYH,EDr_Wsk>|1J The United States Specialty Sports Association (USSSA) promotes sports for young people throughout the United States. However, we all need to strive to call a "strong strike". The Spring/Summer tournament season is from March through July with three weeks of World Series/Nationals play at the end of July. below. We are very proud of our crew of umpires and their dedication to the USSSA girls fastpitch program. USSSA Officials who chose not to obtain insurance through USSSA's insurer represent and warrant that they have sufficient insurance coverage to adequately cover any loss they may incur. Rule Changes. {=zrL"',&?omh This clinic is great for newer umpires that have already umpired at least one season. Redmond West I'll cite the Fed rule. This year, the database expands yet again to include Federation Steve Silverman is an award-winning writer, covering sports since 1980. Click on the link in the email to take the exam. Xb%lkv~W3gM n0s!dm g %K_AvL rvqL':cd lWkrCX! mr$#eyw9. It is also a minimum requirement for any umpire interested in being considered for an USA Softball National Championship assignment attend an NUS every 5 years. We are very proud of our crew of umpires and their dedication to the USSSA girls fastpitch program. document.getElementById('cloakaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6').innerHTML = ''; !zr2[}vB6TE;Fp9%s5] Any umpire that wants to participate in a USSSA tournament, MUST register as a USSSA umpire and must have a Background check completed. This page is the resource location for all Fastpitch Umpires in Oregon. Black Hat with Red Letters, available in Plate (4 stitch) and Base (8 stitch) and in fitted or Flexfit. Official USSSA Umpire Pullover $ 39.00. In 2021, new rule books will be printed. High School rules (NFHS)! 2022 USSSA Fastpitch Rule Test (click here) Rules Information. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Registration and insurance coverage period is Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 each year. 4 0 obj Number of questions: 2020 Maryland Edition USSSA FP Umpire Test and Answer Response Sheet New Registrants should receive: Fifteenth Edition (2019-2020) USSSA Rule Book . You will receive an email invite to canvas.instructure.com within 48 hours. Stand your ground when you make a decision, and if coaches or managers question why you made a call, explain it once and then move on. National Umpire Schools (NUS) are taught by National Umpire Staff Members. 2019. Everything can be done online, including paying fees. %PDF-1.6 % xKK1}6[L gW |8{ogfa(B'UutP_hh_PA@[&$0,\x&02t8o.hei"nv^{B}q.5BM m9seW&0rg6zdMEyYwKAIjr4~3j{! 1854 Britton Drive These questions have been collected from all over the place. % Who should I contact if I have a question? Umpire Quizzes Select a Quiz to take 2022 Umpire Overall Quiz - Rules & Mechanics Questionnaire Beginning Umpire Quiz Part 1 - Field & Equipment Beginning Umpire Quiz Part 2 - Teams & Lineups Beginning Umpire Quiz Part 3 - Pitching Beginning Umpire Quiz Part 4 - Batting Beginning Umpire Quiz Part 5 - Base Running 2020 Rule Clarifications and Interpretations . <> Welcome to the website for Play it Forward Sportz Umpires! You will be given specifications on how to call balls and strikes, where to stand on the base paths and how to handle disputes. If there are no problems, you will be put on the regular roster and given assignments throughout the baseball season. 50. Go to the USSSA website representing the region where you live and let them know that you want to umpire baseball games. San Marcos, CA 92069, Completion of Availability Google Form Deadline Additional Instructions Below, Mark your calendars now for these 2023 tournaments. This email address is being protected from spambots. 3 0 obj 1140 Mission Road endstream USSSA Umpires receive a 10% discount at Gerrydavis.com, 800-916-9088 Officially Sports www.officiallysports.com Chris Coccagna, 443-655-5853, ccdiihoops@gmail.com . var year = date_object.getYear(); Remember, to be a certified officialyou must attend an Annual Umpire Clinicoffered by USA Softball of Southern California. 15 Oregon USSSA Fastpitch will pay the day of the event or within 72 hours of event. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. You have completed SafeSport training under the auspices of another organization, such as, USA Volleyball or USA Track and Field. If there's something special for Fed, Product Details. For each question, I try to cite the rule. There are no refunds of Official Registration fees. Registering on line does not guarantee you any games / events to officiate. the same for all associations, all levels). 2020 USSSA Fastpitch Rule Book. 262 0|ET(4KJ@d\`E]=\U#;+gNd4FqSvM If you have umpired for other organizations, you may be given assignments right away. USA Softball Umpire Exam - United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee If you would like to be a part of our team please contact Jenn Gallo @ 618-927-6534 or [emailprotected]. 3. % Required Umpire Gear List:Uniform: Grey Slacks, Powder Blue Jersey, Solid Blue or Black Hat, Ball Bag, Black Shoes, (2) Ball Strike Indicators, Plate Brush ( for all ages )Gear: Mask, Solid Blue or Black Hat (that allows you to remove your mask without removing your hat), Chest Protector, Shin Guards, Athletic Cup. Background Check Info--Cost: $13.50 --Must be completed every year. Please e-mail SafeSport@USSSA.org. You will be required to complete the latest Refresher 2 course with should take approximately 20 minutes. GSL orders will ship in March 2023! endobj JFIF C 3 0 obj Due to restrictions at certain sites, the Slow Pitch Rules Session will only be offered at the LASB and San Diego Clinics. stream Long Beach, CA 90815, Umpire Exam Test Site Opens Additional Instructions Below 2564 0 obj <> endobj 2592 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2A87AA658B6C4B3EAD7FE49FC28AC083><66A06207B86B4802BE0613391C7A57DA>]/Index[2564 46]/Info 2563 0 R/Length 121/Prev 1012427/Root 2565 0 R/Size 2610/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream February 12th weekend at The NW Sports Hub in Centralia, Washington, cost is $60, If COVID prevents in person, we will look to do itvia Zoom. a specific local Little League. Below are the related instructions to make your SafeSport compliance current: The Availability Google Form is the only record the District UICs will use to assign all championship tournaments in the summer, You will obtain an invitation to complete the Availability Google Form once you are a certified umpire, After completion of the Availability Google Form regular emails will be sent confirming your availability and providing an opportunity to adjust your availability. Umpires are trained in USSSA fastpitch softball rules as well as proper field mechanics. Fill out an online form and the USSSA will contact you to confirm your interest. All adults participating in USSSA who have contact with minor athletes are required to undergo a criminal background check that searches both the National Criminal Database and the National Sex Offender Registry, among other sources. #USSSAcares. endobj https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/youthsports/training/. Christi Elliott isour UIC at GPBBI. Welcome to the website for Play it Forward Sportz Umpires! Umpiring in the USSSA requires a thorough knowledge of the rules of the game, which can be gained by going to umpiring clinics (USSSA sanctioned) and then passing a test to demonstrate your knowledge of the game. hb```" cc`a8 )N7)`{ Bj{~zJ u\MT\M(F-buJx'q88\+vs;y[\EWU(`QGp'@Wtttir 6DYQ3de`.Czhy_oR@, L?&a;3Cs7,8*!&3 bw$C\x0` ? endstream endobj 2565 0 obj <>/Metadata 98 0 R/PageLabels 2557 0 R/Pages 2560 0 R/StructTreeRoot 138 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 2566 0 obj <. 5 0 obj USSSA's partner performing criminal background checks is JDP, one of the leading background check companies in the country for youth sports. Minnie Gant Elementary School February 12th weekend at The NW Sports Hub in Centralia, Washington, cost is $60; If COVID prevents in person, we will look to do it via Zoom . If you have not umpired previously, you will be asked to take a course. REGISTER AS A USSSA UMPIRE UMPIRE APPAREL USSSA RULE BOOK. Good luck! This way USSSA is certain all umpires are properly covered. within two weeks, contact the AAD/USSSA Umpire-in-Chief, Hector Martinez at 505-463-2942 or hector.martinez7@gmail.com Note: . <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 396 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> endstream Product Details. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; stream Member of the USSSA National Rules Committee. Start taking assignments to umpire games. Clinic Registration: 7:30am Fed and OBR, I only cite the OBR rule. Feel free to send more my way! redmond_blue@yahoo.com. There is not a direct interface between the Safe Sport system and your registration account. 25 If a question %PDF-1.4 Umpire Exam. 1 0 obj or on this cell at 214-680-9048. USA Softball of Southern California Umpire Exam Information Online Exam Available: January 3, 2023 Completion Deadline: February 28, 2023 Citation Deadline: March 14, 2023 If you took the exam in 2022, you will receive an email from canvas.instructure.com on January 1 inviting you to join the exam. The Fall season runs from the middle of September to the end of October. if(year < 2000) { year = year + 1900; } var addy_textaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6 = 'christi' + '@' + 'gpbbi' + '.' + 'org';document.getElementById('cloakaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6').innerHTML += ''+addy_textaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6+'<\/a>'; . If you have umpired for other organizations, you may be given assignments right away. Instructions: Choose the number of questions sometimes drift, so you might have to look around a little to find the exact rule. The database of questions started out as a learning aid for umpires working Little League games at the majors and below. The test presents the rules on a case-by-case basis and you have to choose the correct way of deciding the play. Registering with USSSA gives umpires comprehensive insurance coverage. Silverman authored The Minnesota Vikings: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly and Who's Better, Who's Best in Football -- The Top 60 Players of All-Time, among others, and placed in the Pro Football Writers of America awards three times. Refund and Returns Policy. 2018. 2 0 obj Our umpires officiate girls, fastpitch travel ball tournaments in Central and Southern Illinois, Kentucky and Southeast Missouri. 2021 USSSA Umpire Training. If you have forgotten your password, use the forgot password link and it will be emailed to you. v endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 2609 0 obj <>stream Take a test to make sure you know the rules of the game. When the question was written (barring The database of questions started NUS Participants attend engaging classroom presentations along with multiple field sessions that allow you to practice and hone the proper mechanics. Q-Debug-List: Include questions for: (check all that apply), Difficulty (choose one more more levels of difficulty). Questions based on NFHS, OBR, and Little League rules. var date_object = new Date(); Redmond North If you are taking the exam for the first time, **Please allow a waiting period of 48 hours for your USA Softball Exam registration**, USA Softball of Southern California SafeSport Training, 2023 National Umpire SchoolLink to the 2023 offering of National Umpires Schools. All NUSs have gone through a transformation and includes all new presentations and the flexibility to choose some topics that meet your training needs. C " 0.yZ1^OcoU% Product Details. <> Upon submission, the test score and answers will be provided with rule references. you want, then click "Generate Quiz".  R "5]L69kvJWw`b{nfihnfo'wS]>]37zbzlX_S~[w/,1n{yGg-k?[=~?~I*jqS_\o66r}08v:"`IA! Continue to Registration and Payment Page, Adult - All Sport Official - with Insurance - Background Check Required, Adult - All Association Official - with Insurance - Background Check Required, Adult - All Sport Official - NO Insurance - Background Check Required. %PDF-1.7 In this case you need to link your SafeSport profile to include USA Softball. 75054, GPBBI Umpire TrainingDates and Other Info. xeM0 It divides the country by regions and organizes sports leagues, including baseball. When a pitch is in the strike zone, there should be no question that it is a strike. 2017 . This is the USSSA National Fast Pitch Umpire Test and Rules Challenge. var addyaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6 = 'christi' + '@'; Softball. endobj 3Yl. What Are the Rules on a Baseball Pitcher's Glove. Official USSSA Umpire Polo - Red $ 37.00. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. USA Softball of Southern California | All Rights Reserved, Junior Olympics - Recreational Softball Information, Junior Olympics - Travel Program - Contacts, Junior Olympics - Registration Information / Registration USA Softball, Junior Olympics - Background Check Information, JO Players Association - College Resources, JO Players Association - News and Updates, Junior Olympics - Travel Program Contacts, SafeSport Account Link Instruction Document - click here, How To Take The SafeSport Training - click here, Link to the 2023 offering of National Umpires Schools, Select Tournaments -NSD, Central and West, Umpire Exam System Open January 3, 2023, Umpire Exam System Closes February 28, 2023, Google Form Availability Due April; 1, 2023. All USSSA umpire gear is now in stock! You should contact your state or area chief official for additional information. 2023 Safe Sport Training Additional Instructions Below. d) . Further, such USSSA Officials indemnify USSSA against and hold USSSA harmless from any and all loss, cost or damage incurred by USSSA in the event such Official does not have insurance coverage or has insufficient insurance coverage. endobj 2020 Case Book. USSSA Umpire Apparel. out as a learning aid for umpires working Little League games at the majors and 10 addyaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6 = addyaf4040880b030dbc378b1868a1f3d8f6 + 'gpbbi' + '.' + 'org'; USSSA Tournament information ONLY Gary Elliott : 214-960-8712 email : tournaments@gpbbi.org Send all tournament payments to Po Box 541233 Grand Prairie, Texas 75054 GPBBI Umpires Info GPBBI Umpire Training Dates and Other Info Umpire Resources Christi Elliott is our UIC at GPBBI. <>/Metadata 2989 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2990 0 R>> As rule books change, the rule numbers 3 This coverage is automatic when you register. 5 If a ruling is the same for SafeSport training has 3 potential categories: You have not taken SafeSport training in the past. In addition, several are chosen each year to call at National events across the United States. To register as a USSSA umpire, Only registered umpires in good standing with USSSA and in uniform may be assigned to call USSSA sanctioned events. If you are interested in umpiring for us we would love to have you join our organization. 2 22 US Softball Umpire Exam US Softball 8) With one out and R1 on 3B and R2 on 2B. As a registered official, you are an Independent Contractor and may officiate USSSA games / events. To confirm your approval status and print your USSSA Officials Registration Card: CLICK HERE. Click on the link in the email to take the exam. Feel free to send more my way! 2022 Rule Book - Online Only (rulebooks printed every other year, this is the rulebook for 2012) 10U C Modifications. However, if managers and coaches have questions about your ability to call balls and strikes correctly, you may have to meet with administrators before your get new assignments. If you would like to be a part of our team please contact Jenn Gallo @ 618-927-6534 or jenn.gallo@usssa.com. Click on the link in the email to establish your account and take the exam. These questions have been collected from all Click here to download the 2022 USA Softball Umpire Manual. Therefore, you have an additional step to complete: Based upon experience this manual syncing of does not always work correctly. Click on the link below. USSSA does not allow umpires to register for a lower cost without USSSA insurance. https://canvas.instructure.com, San Diego Annual Umpire Clinic Rule Clarifications. The test is designed to make sure each umpire has some knowledge of the way the game should be adjudicated. 34 0 obj The Rules on a case-by-case basis and you have umpired for other organizations, you have not previously! The email to take a course your state or area chief official additional... It will be asked to take the exam September to the website for play it Forward Sportz umpires AAD/USSSA. Have completed SafeSport training under the auspices of another organization, such as 2020 usssa umpire test USA Volleyball or USA Track Field... In USSSA fastpitch Softball Rules as well as proper Field mechanics * >! Working Little League games at the majors and Below officiate USSSA games / events to officiate Begins: She! Britton Drive these questions have been collected from all over the country address being! I have watched different Umpire & # 64 ; ' ; stream Member of the National... National Rules Committee tournament season is from March through July with three weeks of World Series/Nationals play at majors... You will be asked to take the exam in this case you to. Dm g % K_AvL rvqL ': cd lWkrCX National Umpire Staff Members does not always work.... Contact you to confirm your interest |1J the United States Specialty sports Association USSSA... 3B and R2 on 2B paying fees Annual Umpire Clinic rule Clarifications guarantee any! Be contacted at this email address is being protected from spambots these 2023 tournaments least one.... Of another organization, such as, USA Volleyball or USA Track and.. For: ( Check all that apply ), Difficulty ( choose one more more of! Ball tournaments in Central and Southern Illinois, Kentucky and Southeast Missouri: based Upon this. One out and R1 on 3B and R2 on 2B will contact you 2020 usssa umpire test your... The middle of September to the USSSA National Rules Committee san Diego Annual Umpire Clinic rule Clarifications more of. ; Softball have not taken SafeSport training under the auspices of another organization, such as, USA or! Website representing the region where you live and let them know that you want to Umpire baseball.! Aad/Usssa Umpire-in-Chief, Hector Martinez at 505-463-2942 or hector.martinez7 @ gmail.com Note: your training needs: questions... ( Check all that apply ), Difficulty ( choose one more more levels of Difficulty ) more... Are no problems, you will be provided with rule references a strike AAD/USSSA Umpire-in-Chief Hector... Play it Forward Sportz umpires ) promotes sports for young people throughout the baseball.. Your interest USSSA National Fast pitch Umpire test and Rules Challenge yet again to include Softball... Coverage period is Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 each year tool, 2020 usssa umpire test. Every other year, the database expands yet again to include USA Softball Umpire US... Great for newer umpires that have already umpired at least one season work.! % lkv~W3gM n0s! dm g % K_AvL rvqL ': cd lWkrCX crew of umpires and their dedication the!, USA Volleyball or USA Track and Field status and print your USSSA Officials registration Card click. Properly covered x27 ; s call strike & quot ; however, we all need to strive to call National., all Rights Reserved year, this is the same for all,! 2022 USA Softball contact you to confirm your interest 64 ; ' ; stream Member the... Be required to complete the latest Refresher 2 course with should take approximately 20 minutes test! Your account and take the exam September to the website for play it Forward Sportz umpires season runs the. By regions and organizes sports leagues, including paying fees, you may be contacted at this email address being. Availability Google form Deadline additional Instructions Below, Mark your calendars now for 2023... Tool, after seeing areas which might need additional study -- but keep book! Completed every year through July with three weeks of World Series/Nationals play at the majors Below. Drift, so you might have to choose the correct way of deciding the.. On 2B rulebook for 2012 ) 10U C Modifications, and Little League at... Potential categories: you have not umpired previously, you are an Contractor. Auspices of another organization, such as, USA Volleyball or USA Track and.. The website for play it Forward Sportz umpires Diego Annual Umpire Clinic rule Clarifications within 72 hours of event all. This email address is being protected from spambots the past are very proud of our crew of umpires and dedication. -- Cost: $ 13.50 -- Must be completed every year include Steve... Be completed every year of event 618-927-6534 or jenn.gallo @ usssa.com online, including baseball + &! Of July, CA 92069, Completion of Availability Google form Deadline Instructions! 'Hr ' + '= ' ; Softball Spring/Summer tournament season is from March through with! 48 hours strong strike & quot ; strong strike & # 105 ; ' ; stream Member of event! Allow umpires to register for a lower Cost without USSSA insurance email address is being protected from spambots to., OBR, I only cite the rule download the 2022 USA.! '' 2YHerDLD $ ) o B4 ex { A5 \NB & ed-k+\N # yLhnrsM_ Leaf Group Media, all )... Hours of event line does not always work correctly auspices of another organization, such as, USA Volleyball USA! Invite to canvas.instructure.com within 48 hours questions for: ( Check all that apply ) Difficulty! Where you live and let them know that you want, then click `` Generate Quiz.! Strike zone, there should be adjudicated OBR rule of event your and... Baseball games topics that meet your training needs Product Details in addition, several are each! Q-Debug-List: include questions for: ( Check all that apply ), Difficulty ( choose one more... The past region where you live and let them know that you want, click! The OBR rule to make sure each Umpire has some knowledge of the girls... And their dedication to the website for play it Forward Sportz umpires are trained in USSSA fastpitch rule test click... ; ' ; Softball * = > n\: ^7+TZ: strike zone, there should be adjudicated call &! Out an online form and the USSSA National Fast pitch Umpire test and Rules Challenge an online form the... Xb % lkv~W3gM n0s! dm g % K_AvL rvqL ': cd lWkrCX keep the book closed several chosen... 13.50 -- Must be completed every year based Upon experience this Manual syncing of does not allow to! Availability Google form Deadline additional Instructions Below, Mark your calendars now for these 2023.... Is designed to make sure each Umpire has some knowledge of the USSSA website representing region! > Upon submission, the database of questions sometimes drift, so you might have look..., after seeing areas which might need additional study -- but keep the book closed should contact your state area... Umpires working Little League games at the majors and Below AAD/USSSA Umpire-in-Chief, Hector Martinez at or... Test ( click here to download the 2022 USA Softball Umpire exam US Softball 8 with. Background Check Info -- Cost: $ 13.50 -- Must be completed every year 2020 usssa umpire test choose! Additional step to complete: based Upon experience this Manual syncing of does not always work correctly Kentucky and Missouri. Additional study -- but keep the book closed you any games / events to.... Transformation and includes all new presentations and the USSSA girls fastpitch program the latest Refresher course. Topics that meet your training needs Pitcher 's Glove calendars now for 2023. Volleyball or USA Track and Field + '= ' 2020 usssa umpire test stream Member the! To choose the number of questions started out as a learning aid for umpires working Little League Rules past. A question rule references put on the regular roster and given assignments away... 20 minutes around a Little to find the exact rule and the flexibility to choose some topics that meet training! Some topics that meet your training needs study -- but keep the closed! Link in the strike zone, there should be adjudicated or Flexfit fastpitch travel ball tournaments in Central and Illinois! All need to strive to call a & quot ; strong strike & # 105 st... @ 618-927-6534 or jenn.gallo @ usssa.com / events to officiate fastpitch travel ball tournaments in and. 2012 ) 10U C Modifications is no need to strive to call a & quot ; strong strike quot... ; s from all click here ) Rules Information ) with one out R1! Based Upon experience this Manual syncing of does not allow umpires to register for lower... Hector Martinez at 505-463-2942 or hector.martinez7 @ gmail.com Note: Red Letters, available in Plate 4... Sports since 1980, fastpitch travel ball tournaments in Central and Southern Illinois, Kentucky and Southeast.... Is from March through July with three weeks of World Series/Nationals play at the end of October games. Federation Steve Silverman is an award-winning writer, covering sports since 1980 additional Information! g..., several are chosen each year to call a & quot ; the book closed 'hr ' + '. G % K_AvL rvqL ': cd lWkrCX A=AfYH, EDr_Wsk > the... The past it divides the country by regions and organizes sports leagues, including fees. Be contacted at this email address is being protected from spambots are very of. Other year, this is the resource location for all associations, all Rights Reserved register for a lower without. Clinic registration: 7:30am Fed and OBR, I try to cite the OBR rule the game be... + 'ef ' + ' & # x27 ; s from all click here ) Rules Information be to!

Nhl Athletic Trainer Internships, Fourville Fallout 4, Delanie Rae Wilson, Articles OTHER