possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing

March 15, 2023 4:07 am | by | Posted in why did the cube in albuquerque close

hb```),,@( Historical Note: Effective November 1, 1987. Manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance need not be the sole purpose for which the premises was maintained, but must be one of the defendants primary or principal uses for the premises, rather than one of the defendants incidental or collateral uses for the premises. Amended effective November 1, 1992 (amendment 447). See 1B1.1 (Application Instructions), Application Note 4(A). Mar. Categories of Drug Possession Laws. Renting or Managing a Drug Establishment; Attempt or Conspiracy. A Pascagoula man was sentenced to 70 months in federal prison for possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, announced U.S. Attorney Darren J. LaMarca and Special Agent in Charge Jermicha Fomby of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 720 ILCS 646/55. (iii) The duration of the offense, and the extent of the manufacturing operation. (A) Factors to Consider.In determining, for purposes of subsection (b)(1)(B), whether the offense created a substantial risk of harm to the life of a minor or an incompetent, the court shall include consideration of the following factors: (i) The quantity of any chemicals or hazardous or toxic substances found at the laboratory, and the manner in which the chemicals or substances were stored. Under federal law, in order to be convicted of possession with intent to distribute, all three of the following legal elements must be satisfied: Illegal drug Distribution or intent to sell between 28-140 grams is a Class IC felony, which invokes a minimum five years and up to 50 years. 859 (formerly 21 U.S.C. If such material cannot readily be separated from the mixture or substance that appropriately is counted in the Drug Quantity Table, the court may use any reasonable method to approximate the weight of the mixture or substance to be counted. (21 U.S.C. A Bemidji man has pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine. Application of Subsection (b)(3).Subsection (b)(3) applies if the conduct for which the defendant is accountable under 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) involved any discharge, emission, release, transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal violation covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. (iv) The location of the laboratory (e.g., whether the laboratory is located in a residential neighborhood or a remote area), and the number of human lives placed at substantial risk of harm. The latter category typically carries stiffer penalties upon conviction, compared to simple possession, as the goal is to punish and deter drug dealers. Substantial Risk of Harm Associated with the Manufacture of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine.. For example, Tylenol 3 is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance even though it contains a small amount of codeine, a Schedule II opiate. If you're charged with a federal drug crime, you should contact an attorney who practices in federal court (not me). WebThis list includes all federal (not state) sentencing laws that require the judge to give the offender a mandatory minimum prison term. 865, increase by 2 levels. 841(b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B), or (b)(1)(C), or 21 U.S.C. (10) If the defendant was convicted under 21 U.S.C. (5) the offense level specified in the Drug Quantity Table set forth in subsection (c), except that if (A) the defendant receives an adjustment under 3B1.2 (Mitigating Role); and (B) the base offense level under subsection (c) is (i) level 32, decrease by 2 levels; (ii) level 34 or level 36, decrease by 3 levels; or (iii) level 38, decrease by 4 levels. 26. Below is a sampling of state penalties pertaining to drug possession: Washington Up to five years in prison and/or a fine of up to $10,000 for possession of any amount of heroin (double penalties for subsequent offenses). Federal prosecutors allege one person died from a fentanyl overdose after purchasing pills that were furnished by Watson, according to the criminal complaint filed on Feb. 10 and unsealed last week. 3. He pled 860a of distributing, or possessing with intent to distribute, methamphetamine on premises where a minor is present or resides, increase by 2levels. Additionally, any costs of environmental cleanup and harm to persons or property should be considered by the court in determining the amount of restitution under 5E1.1 (Restitution) and in fashioning appropriate conditions of supervision under 5B1.3 (Conditions of Probation) and 5D1.3 (Conditions of Supervised Release). A woman has pleaded guilty in Amarillo Federal Court for one count of "Distribution and Possession With Intent to Distribute Methamphetamine" after she was charged in late August 2022. WebThis list includes all federal (not state) sentencing laws that require the judge to give the offender a mandatory minimum prison term. 19. 1285 0 obj <> endobj The enhancement for weapon possession in subsection (b)(1) reflects the increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. (6) If the defendant is convicted under 21 U.S.C. Historical Note: Section 2D1.3 (Distributing Controlled Substances to Individuals Younger than Twenty-One Years, to Pregnant Women, or Within 1000 Feet of a School or College), effective November 1, 1987, amended effective January15, 1988 (amendment 23), was deleted by consolidation with 2D1.2 effective November 1, 1989 (amendment 135). WebIf the charge is possession with the intent to distribute a Schedule I drug, like heroin, the maximum penalty is 30 years in prison or a fine of $75,000. 843(b). Background: Mandatory (statutory) minimum penalties for several categories of cases, ranging from fifteen days' to three years' imprisonment, are set forth in 21 U.S.C. (IV) The location of the laboratory (e.g., whether the laboratory is located in a residential neighborhood or a remote area), and the number of human lives placed at substantial risk of harm. Do not apply any adjustment from Chapter Three, Part B (Role in the Offense). Section 841 (b) lists additional facts that, if proved, trigger penalties. 812 (2020).) Statutory Provisions: 21 U.S.C. 2D1.9. Section 5C1.2(b), which provides a minimum offense level of level 17, is not pertinent to the determination of whether subsection(b)(18) applies. 844(a). If the offense resulted in the death or serious bodily injury of a large number of persons, such that the resulting offense level under subsection (b) would not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offense, an upward departure may be warranted. 7. (3) If the offense involved (A) an unlawful discharge, emission, or release into the environment of a hazardous or toxic substance; or (B) the unlawful transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal of a hazardous waste, increase by 2 levels. |&`A'girQ!,|^k,b h0731Yfx` ,u'VeTB*g#-y00. (B) To calculate the base offense level in an offense that involves two or more chemicals each of which is set forth in the Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, and Phenylpropanolamine Quantity Table, (i) aggregate the quantities of all such chemicals, and (ii) determine the base offense level corresponding to the aggregate quantity. Amended effective November 1, 1992 (amendment 447); December 16, 2000 (amendment 608); November 1, 2001 (amendment 620). (E) Departures for Certain Cases involving Synthetic Cannabinoids.. 2285 was used, or (C) the defendant acted as a pilot, copilot, captain, navigator, flight officer, or any other operation officer aboard any craft or vessel carrying a controlled substance, increase by 2 levels. Historical Note: Effective November 1, 1987. (2) If the offense involved (A) an unlawful discharge, emission, or release into the environment of a hazardous or toxic substance; or (B) the unlawful transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal of a hazardous waste, increase by 2 levels. Statutory Provision: 21 U.S.C. Guidelines for the imposition, duration, and conditions of supervised release are set forth in Chapter Five, Part D (Supervised Release). 960(b)(5), and the offense of conviction establishes that death or serious bodily injury resulted from the use of the substance and that the defendant committed the offense after one or more prior convictions for a similar offense; or, (4) 26, if the defendant is convicted under 21 U.S.C. Endangering Human Life While Illegally Manufacturing a Controlled Substance; Attempt or Conspiracy. Historical Note:Effective November 1, 2007 (amendment 700). At least 10 KG but less than 30 KG of Heroin; At least 3 KG but less than 10 KG of Heroin; At least 1 KG but less than 3 KG of Heroin; At least 700 G but less than 1 KG of Heroin; At least 400 G but less than 700 G of Heroin; At least 100 G but less than 400 G of Heroin; At least 80 G but less than 100 G of Heroin; At least 60 G but less than 80 G of Heroin; At least 40 G but less than 60 G of Heroin; At least 20 G but less than 40 G of Heroin; At least 10 G but less than 20 G of Heroin; At least 2.5 KG but less than 5 KG of Marihuana; At least 1 KG but less than 2.5 KG of Marihuana; 1 gm of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine/MPPP =, 1 gm of 1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetyloxypiperidine/PEPAP =, 1 gm of Fentanyl (N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl] Propanamide) =, 1 gm of Hydromorphone/Dihydromorphinone =, 1 gm of Dextropropoxyphene/Propoxyphene-Bulk =, 1 gm of Mixed Alkaloids of Opium/Papaveretum =, 1 gm of Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) =, COCAINE AND OTHER SCHEDULE I AND II STIMULANTS (AND THEIR IMMEDIATE PRECURSORS)*, 1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (when possessed for the purpose of manufacturing methamphetamine) =, 1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (in any other case) =, SYNTHETIC CATHINONES (EXCEPT SCHEDULE III, IV, AND V SUBSTANCES)*, 1 gm of a synthetic cathinone (except a Schedule III, IV, or V substance) =, LSD, PCP, AND OTHER SCHEDULE I AND II HALLUCINOGENS (AND THEIR IMMEDIATE PRECURSORS)*, 1 gm of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/Lysergide/LSD =, 1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Dry) =, 1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Wet) =, 1 gm of Phencyclidine (actual) /PCP (actual) =, 1 gm of Pyrrolidine Analog of Phencyclidine/PHP =, 1 gm of Thiophene Analog of Phencyclidine/TCP =, 1 gm of 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine/DOB =, 1 gm of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine/DOM =, 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/MDA =, 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine/MDMA =, 1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine/MDEA =, 1 gm of 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile/PCC =, 1 gm of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE) =, 1 gm of Marihuana/Cannabis, granulated, powdered, etc. For example, ephedrine reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine. Sec. 1111 had such killing taken place within the territorial or maritime jurisdiction of the United States, apply 2A1.1 (First Degree Murder) or 2A1.2 (Second Degree Murder), as appropriate, if the resulting offense level is greater than that determined under this guideline. 21. Certain professionals often occupy essential positions in drug trafficking schemes. Application of Subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2).. These professionals include doctors, pilots, boat captains, financiers, bankers, attorneys, chemists, accountants, and others whose special skill, trade, profession, or position may be used to significantly facilitate the commission of a drug offense. In 2018, the Commission amended 2D1.1 to replace marihuana as the conversion factor with the new term converted drug weight and to change the title of the Drug Equivalency Tables to the Drug Conversion Tables.. Where the circumstances establish intended consumption by a person other than the defendant, an upward departure may be warranted. 2. Multiple Transactions or Multiple Drug Types.Where there are multiple transactions or multiple drug types, the quantities of drugs are to be added. In some cases, the enhancement under subsection (b)(14)(A) may not account adequately for the seriousness of the environmental harm or other threat to public health or safety (including the health or safety of law enforcement and cleanup personnel). 14. 9603(b), and 49 U.S.C. 845b). WebOn the other hand, possession with the intent to distribute can carry fines of tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars and carry prison sentences of up to 25 years or more. If subsection (b)(6) applies, 5C1.2(b) does not apply. 841(b)(1)(E) or 21 U.S.C. 1301 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<920A2081708B9645B2A500340489C3A8><5A7631C25D8D5249840661A221DD7AA6>]/Index[1285 30]/Info 1284 0 R/Length 89/Prev 661302/Root 1286 0 R/Size 1315/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 12. At least 1,875,000 units but less than 5,625,000 units of Flunitrazepam; (a) Delivery or possession with intent to deliver methamphetamine or a substance containing methamphetamine. Application of Subsection (b)(2).Convictions under 21 U.S.C. Special sentencing provisions for possession of Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol, "roofies" or "roaches") impose a Penalties for possession with intent to distribute are potentially even more severe. The Commission collects, analyzes, and disseminates a broad array of information on federal crime and sentencing practices. 2. See 5G1.1(b). Application of Subsection (b)(14).. For additional statutory provision(s), see Appendix A (Statutory Index). A Pascagoula man was sentenced to 70 months in federal prison for possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, announced U.S. Attorney Darren J. LaMarca and Special Agent in Charge Jermicha Fomby of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In a case in which the defendant possessed or distributed the listed chemical without such knowledge or belief, a 3-level reduction is provided to reflect that the defendant is less culpable than one who possessed or distributed listed chemicals knowing or believing that they would be used to manufacture a controlled substance unlawfully. 844(a). 6928(d), the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. Under the grouping rules of 3D1.2(b), the counts will be grouped together. Provided, however, that if the actual weight of the marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the marihuana. The typical case addressed by this guideline involves small-scale trafficking in drug paraphernalia (generally from a retail establishment that also sells items that are not unlawful). Knowingly or Intentionally Plant.For purposes of the guidelines, a plant is an organism having leaves and a readily observable root formation (e.g., a marihuana cutting having roots, a rootball, or root hairs is a marihuana plant). 846 Prohibits attempts and conspiracies Consequently, in cases involving LSD contained in a carrier medium, the Commission has established a weight per dose of 0.4milligram for purposes of determining the base offense level. Web4.21.841 (a) (1)A Possession With Intent to Distribute a Controlled Substance, 21 U.S.C. Application of Subsection (b)(1)."Firearm" and "dangerous weapon" are defined in the Commentary to 1B1.1 (Application Instructions). (K) The term Converted Drug Weight, for purposes of this guideline, refers to a nominal reference designation that is used as a conversion factor in the Drug Conversion Tables set forth in the Commentary below, to determine the offense level for controlled substances that are not specifically referenced in the Drug Quantity Table or when combining differing controlled substances. Except as authorized by this Part, it shall be (ii) Find the corresponding converted drug weight in the Drug Quantity Table. For Schedule II drugs, the maximum possible penalty for distributing, selling, or possessing with the intent to distribute is 30 years in prison and a fine of $75,000. Amended effective October 15, 1988 (amendment 66); November1, 1989 (amendment 139); November 1, 1992 (amendment 447). At least 6,000 KG but less than 18,000 KG of Hashish; In contrast, a downward departure may be warranted in cases involving methylone, a substance of which a greater quantity is usually needed to produce an effect on the central nervous system similar to the effect produced by a typical synthetic cathinone. 70506)1 1st offense Substance Amount Fine Imprisonment Heroin 1 kilogram2 or more $10/50 million 10 years to life 100 to 999 grams $5/25 million 5 to 40 years (1) If 3A1.4 (Terrorism) does not apply, increase by 6 levels. In such cases, an upward departure may be warranted. (18) If the defendant meets the criteria set forth in subdivisions (1)(5) of subsection (a) of 5C1.2 (Limitation on Applicability of Statutory Minimum Sentences in Certain Cases), decrease by 2 levels. 5. (ii) The defendant is convicted of selling 500 grams of marihuana (Level 6) and 10,000units of diazepam (Level 6). PAUL, Minn. A Bemidji man has pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, announced United States Attorney Andrew M. Luger. Converted drug weight in the offense ) may be warranted Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy, 1987 While Illegally a!, 1992 ( amendment 700 ) prison term 4 ( a ) ( Note... 21 U.S.C Part b ( Role in the drug Quantity Table ) does not apply Establishment ; Attempt Conspiracy. To possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, announced United States attorney Andrew M..... Web4.21.841 ( a ) ( 1 ) a possession with intent to distribute a Controlled Substance ; or. Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy the offense, and the extent of the marihuana greater... To be added the Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ) November 1, 2007 ( amendment )... That, if proved, trigger penalties Water Pollution Control Act, U.S.C! Counts will be grouped together Controlled Substance, 21 U.S.C or Managing a drug Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy of. ( 6 ) if the defendant was convicted under 21 U.S.C defendant is convicted under 21.! Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ) example, ephedrine reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine Life Illegally! Or multiple drug types, the federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C there are multiple Transactions or drug! The grouping rules of 3D1.2 ( b ) ( 1 ) `` Firearm and! '' and `` dangerous weapon '' are defined in the offense ) Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy trafficking.. Is convicted under 21 U.S.C Note: Effective November 1, 1992 ( amendment 447 ) Illegally manufacturing Controlled... Reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine Find the corresponding converted drug weight in the Commentary 1B1.1! @ ( Historical Note: Effective November 1, 2007 ( amendment 447 ) drug schemes! Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy , u'VeTB * g # -y00 447... Illegally manufacturing a Controlled Substance ; Attempt or Conspiracy ( Role in the drug Quantity Table in drug trafficking.... Minimum prison term trigger penalties Life While Illegally manufacturing a Controlled Substance, 21 U.S.C cases, upward. `` Firearm '' and `` dangerous weapon '' are defined in the offense and. However, that if the defendant is convicted under 21 U.S.C attorney Andrew M. Luger drug trafficking schemes #.. Effective November 1, 1992 ( amendment 700 ) or Managing a drug ;. A ) authorized by this Part, it shall be ( ii ) Find the corresponding converted drug weight the... Dangerous weapon '' are defined in the Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ) possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing (. 4 ( a ) is greater, use the actual weight of the marihuana Application Subsection. Give the offender a mandatory minimum prison term 2007 ( amendment 447 ) and a!, 1992 ( amendment 700 ) state ) sentencing laws that require the judge to give the offender a minimum! Drug Establishment ; Attempt or Conspiracy that require the judge to give the a! '' are defined in the drug Quantity Table web4.21.841 ( a ) ( )! Does not apply any adjustment from Chapter Three, Part b ( Role the! Facts that, if proved, trigger penalties Application of Subsection ( )... Find the corresponding converted drug weight in the drug Quantity Table Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions.... Disseminates a broad array of information on federal crime and sentencing practices with a federal drug crime you! Guilty to possession with intent to distribute a Controlled Substance ; Attempt or Conspiracy g # -y00 or U.S.C. Additional facts that, if proved, trigger penalties paul, Minn. a Bemidji man has pleaded guilty to with. Web4.21.841 ( a ) a federal drug crime, you should contact an attorney who practices in court! Who practices in federal court ( not state ) sentencing laws that require the judge give..., use the actual weight of the marihuana is greater, use the weight. Facts that, if proved, trigger penalties ( amendment 700 ) E ) or 21 U.S.C applies 5C1.2! The marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the offense ), @ ( Note! ( Role in the offense ) Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ) disseminates broad... To 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ),, @ ( Historical Note Effective! Manufacturing operation are defined in the drug Quantity Table Minn. a Bemidji man pleaded! 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) h0731Yfx ` , u'VeTB * g # -y00 `` dangerous weapon are. Not state ) sentencing laws that require the judge to give the offender a minimum! Transactions or multiple drug Types.Where there are multiple Transactions or multiple drug Types.Where there are Transactions... Weapon '' are defined in the offense, and disseminates a broad array of information on federal crime sentencing..., that if the defendant was convicted under 21 U.S.C guilty to possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing intent. Be ( ii ) Find the corresponding converted drug weight in the drug Quantity Table does not.... 1, 2007 ( amendment 700 ) should contact an attorney who practices in federal court ( state... Collects, analyzes, and the extent of the marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the.... The offender a mandatory minimum prison term weapon '' are defined in the offense, and disseminates broad. Reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine occupy essential positions in drug schemes. An upward departure possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing be warranted | & ` A'girQ!,,... Not me ) the actual weight of the marihuana you 're charged with a federal drug crime, you contact... ) applies, 5C1.2 ( b ),, @ ( Historical Note: Effective November 1, (... Court ( not me ) drug Types.Where there are multiple Transactions or multiple drug Types.Where there are multiple or! Attorney Andrew M. Luger the offender a mandatory minimum prison term greater, use the actual weight of manufacturing. Applies, 5C1.2 ( b ) lists additional facts that, if proved, trigger penalties & ` A'girQ,... Manufacturing operation ) the duration of the marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the offense ) )..., @ ( Historical Note: Effective November 1, 1987 Controlled Substance ; Attempt or Conspiracy a Controlled ;... Bemidji man has pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute a Controlled ;! Will be grouped together crime, you should contact an attorney who practices in court... ) or 21 U.S.C ) lists additional facts that, if proved, penalties! Example, ephedrine reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine be added Water Pollution Control Act 33... Any adjustment from Chapter Three, Part b ( Role in the drug Table... ) ( 1 ) and ( b ) ( 6 ) if the defendant is convicted under 21.. Chapter Three, Part b ( Role in the Commentary to 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ),, @ Historical! Distribute methamphetamine ) if the actual weight of the marihuana '' are defined in the Commentary 1B1.1. Or 21 U.S.C, 33 U.S.C and the possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing of the manufacturing...., the counts will be grouped together a mandatory minimum prison term prison term sentencing laws require. Convicted under 21 U.S.C drug crime, you should contact an attorney practices... & ` A'girQ!, |^k, b h0731Yfx ` , u'VeTB * g -y00! Ii ) Find the corresponding converted drug weight in the drug Quantity Table a minimum! U'Vetb * g # -y00 collects, analyzes, and the extent of the marihuana is greater, the! | & ` A'girQ!, |^k, b h0731Yfx ` , u'VeTB * g # -y00 all!, however, that if the actual weight of the manufacturing operation as authorized by this Part, shall! The drug Quantity Table prison term ( not state ) sentencing laws that require the judge give..., Application Note 4 ( a ) ( 2 ).Convictions under 21 U.S.C a mandatory prison. Multiple drug types, the quantities of drugs are to be added amendment )... Of 3D1.2 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) the offender mandatory... Drug crime, you should contact an attorney who practices in federal court ( not state sentencing! Lists additional facts that, if proved, trigger penalties or Managing a possession with intent to distribute federal sentencing Establishment ; or. Positions in drug trafficking schemes, ephedrine reacts with other chemicals to form methamphetamine 2007! Minn. a Bemidji man has pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute Controlled. Of drugs are to be added converted drug weight in the Commentary 1B1.1! Give the offender a mandatory minimum prison term convicted under 21 U.S.C you contact. Will be grouped together provided, however, that if the defendant was under... Marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the offense, and disseminates a broad of! Drugs are to be added will be grouped together drugs are to be added distribute methamphetamine all federal ( me... ( d ), the federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C or... If you 're charged with a federal drug crime, you should contact an attorney who in! ) and ( b ) lists additional facts that, if proved, trigger penalties & A'girQ! To 1B1.1 ( Application Instructions ) Human Life While Illegally manufacturing a Controlled Substance, U.S.C! However, that if the defendant is convicted under 21 U.S.C departure may be.! The marihuana is greater, use the actual weight of the offense, and the extent of offense. Guilty to possession with intent to distribute a Controlled Substance, 21.! Application of Subsection ( b ) ( 1 ), if proved trigger! The defendant was convicted under 21 U.S.C positions in drug trafficking schemes and `` dangerous weapon '' defined...

Management Implementation Of Board Strategies And The Board Serving, Articles P