factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society

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The issue to emphasize, is not so much that there are no weaknesses or shortcomings in the traditional African family, but that the Eurocentric Anglo-Saxon descriptions (that are believed to be objective and describe social phenomena as accurately as possible) eliminate, and over shadow the strengths and positive aspects that might have existed and may still exist in the African traditional family patterns. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. Courtship gives the two families time to prepare in advance for the real marriage. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the last three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to defy any sweeping generalizations. vii. among the Luos the man is buried at the right and woman is buried the left. J. Clyde Mitchell, The Yao Village: a Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. 5. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. The author describes the interaction between the Baganda mother and her baby as unfavorable and lacking any affection or love. There is wailing in the house to show how the fellow was dear to them. They can also reveal-hidden information e.g. There is no bride price in our society. But quite to the contrary, the clan seems to have a more supreme influence. Many communities made clothes from animal skins, bark of trees, sisal and leaves. - Children made marriage complete. - They give direction on funeral ceremonies and advise on what should be done about the ceremony. Headmanships of villages, court offices, ritual titles, and chieftainships are passed on in this way. v. Others would also be killed for crimes such as murder. In the U.S., it is highly unusual for adult children to continue living with their families, although this phenomenon has increased recently strictly as a function of the current economic recession and the comparative . 2. It was a signed to individuals by the elders. 8. Some of the celebrations like beer drinking are slowly dying out. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. 2. - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. Often only Kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it. These relationships which are described in this way are rituals of respect between a son-in-law and his mother-in-law, a daughter-in-law and her father-in-law. Each community has a distinct political and social organization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971. LEISURE Leisure is the free time that an individual has at his disposal when he is not bound by duty. They are made aware of their responsibilities in adulthood. - The naming of the child takes place some days after birth. - This special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth. They give information concerning cause, nature and treatment of diseases. However dowry payment has been hindered by several factors today e.g. This background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa. - Religious organizations assist widows to start income generating projects. 1967. 6. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. 3. Anything described in these terms must inherently be bad, primitive and, therefore, undesirable.41, Typical of this Eurocentric characterization of the traditional African family is often not only the contention that there cannot be genuine love in a polygamous marriages but that even monogamous ones lack genuine love. 6. 4. 6. The literature on the subject is truly as vast and reflects traditional patterns that are as diverse as the variations of the physical looks of the people found on the continent. iv. vii. 9. This is sexual differentiation in socialization in which girls will become acceptable mothers and wives and boys husbands and fathers. viii. 7 Nobody knows what happens after life on earth here. There are basically eight primary kinswife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter; brother sister; and younger brother/sister older brother/sister. Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. I. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. - However the practice of looking after widows and orphans is dying out. Wealth was seen in terms of: 1. Traditional African Society. Kinship is at the heart of First Nations society. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. - Alcoholism. It is also a taboo to marry close relative. viii. - Presents are given to the baby and mother as a sign of good will. - They are kept company. The father knows that his children are not his ultimate responsibility but his sisters children. It is believed that after death one continues to live in the spirit world and therefore the dead relatives are to be given descent burial so that they cannot harm the living. Divorce and separation are discouraged. - Marriage raised the status of the couples once somebody was married he was given a lot of respect. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Birth and naming 2. factors. According to Dziro and Mhlanga (2018), urbanization, HIV/AIDS, and poverty in Africa are all factors that stifle the effectiveness of informal kinship approaches to proper childcare and. Department of Sociology To protect the child from evil eyes. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. Dec. 31, 2007. 6. For example, among the Tumbuka38 of Eastern Zambia the verb kugula (to buy) is used to refer to purchasing of material objects or commodities and domestic animals. 7. [1] To give the mother time to heal. The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. Initiation 3. Naming ceremonies also bring unity among the people whenever a new child is born, members of extended family would come to celebrate together. Courage is usually praised. They also have the ability to stop rain. In fact Chondoka finds the use of the terms dowry, bride price to refer to particularly traditional Zambian marriages to be serious misnomers introduced by European missionaries and colonialists in Africa. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. This symbolizes new life. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. vi. Kinship is the relationship, including social relationship, that exists between two or more individuals, and kinship has a major influence on political, and economic systems in many different regions from around the world. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. 1. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. A Modern Introduction to The Family, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960. 8. 6) There is problem of correct dosage of traditional medicine. DEATH Death is the last rite in ones life and unlike other rites like initiation, naming. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. Sometimes people mistake that they are witch doctors especially Christians. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. The midwife advises on post-natal care of the mother and the baby. 7. The Plan of Action also asserts that "for the full and harmonious development of their personality, children should grow up in a famil environmenty in a,n atmosphere of happiness lov, ane d understanding". This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. Most of these changes in most cases are in conflict with the African customs. They are neglected by their children especially those working in the towns. Such include: - - Birth - Initiation - Marriage - Death 5. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. Prayers are offered also during time of calamities. The land belonged to the whole community. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. Kinship ties definition: Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. - Property can be owned outside ones ancestral home. 2. Anthropologists have discovered that there are only six basic kin naming patterns or systems used by almost all of the thousands of cultures in the world. It shapes such daily experiences as how and where individuals live, how they interact with the people around them, and even, in some cases, whom they marry. They feel a strong bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship relationships to one another. - They can foretell the future by receiving visions, dreams or words from God. These could be through words or deeds. 8. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. 2. vii. Traditionally no parent fixes a price for his daughter (a bride). - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. Choosing of a marriage partner This differs from one community to another. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. 11. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. Children are expected to help in minor household tasks. (2) Generation: Kinship tie is established between the persons in relation to generation. - In African traditional society, each individual is related to the other. This report defines kinship care arrangements that occur without child welfare system involvement as private and those that occur with child welfare involvement as public. Other significant strengths are that the traditional African family increased group cohesion in an otherwise harsh physical and social environment. The moral values learnt include:- -Obedience/loyalty. 3) They are fortunetellers and palm readers. New York: The Free Press, 1963. Are made up of smaller units called clan. After burial, close relatives shave their hair as a sign that one of the members has been separated from and for cleansing impurities. 5. Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. Women were not allowed to own property. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. v. Taking oaths falsely. 18. a) State five changes that have taken place in property ownership today. - Prayers are also offered to God for protection. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. - Life also progress from one stage to another. 2. 28 Son-in-laws working under the orders of the father-in-law is perhaps a reflection of how informants or an outsider might describe a social phenomenon rather than what happens in reality. Names are also given in honor of ancestors. - In others the bridegroom and its party have to fight the brides party in order to get her. They would also announce the sex of the child. This was because: - i. Africans believe that land was given to them by God. The basic family unit among the Bemba was not the nuclear family. Christianity and Islam were able to absorb many African religions because of each religion believed in a single supreme being that was the creator and ruler of the universe. Education of children has been left to teachers. Family plays a central role in African society. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: 1. In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. It does not give warning. (East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980) p.11 Unpublished M.A. 8 It brings poverty to the family involved as sometimes it takes the bread winner 9 At times it brings misunderstanding in the community when the cause of death is blamed on someone or some people. Girls brought wealth in form of cattle to marriage. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. v. It brings people together; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties. Explaining Caribbean Family Patterns. Phone: (540) 828-5351 Dowry payment is no longer a communal affair but an individual affair. 5 It comes unannounced. a. These changes have been brought about by:- i. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.14, 37 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.51 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. 11 This study was conducted in the late 1800s when inter-tribal warfare and capturing of slaves from the wars was still very common. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. in cases of death, the whole community mourn. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. 9 J.A. iii. This article looks at the societies and cultures of sub-Saharan Africa in pre-modern history. For example, all weapons and iron implements are removed from the house of an expectant mother. 6. .The eldest son cannot inherit.15, The Baganda practice the levirate custom. The descriptions implicitly portray (to the African and Westerner) African relationships as being negative, rigid and miserable. This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. Elizabeth Colson, Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. It was written in 1988. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. They also do the work of advisors e.g. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. - In some communities it would last for several days. It is not possible to gather initiates together in some communities. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. 3. 4. Laziness was condemned or punished to ensure that people owned what they had actually worked for. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units. Midwife could assist the mother in actual delivery to ensure the safety of the baby. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. Bell, Norman W., and Vogel, Ezra F. Bridgewater, VA 22812 People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. But rather as curiosities that were to succumb to the superior European monogamous marriage values legitimated by Christianity. They are taught about morals of the society. 6. 5. - Playing football - Wresting - Beer drinking - Wedding ceremonies - Riddles - Folktales - Tongue twisters Today several changes have affected leisure activities. This difficulty in generalization bone of diversity was already apparent to many early scholars of the African traditional family like Mair(1) and Goode(2). ii. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. 1. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? When one dies, he joins the world of the living dead. Thorne, Barrie., and Yalom, Marilyn., (Eds.) Names could also depict the character of the child. Virginity is not highly valued and many people break their virginity at stage of adolescence. They advise the expectant mother on how to take care of herself. 4. 4. 2. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . The subject of traditional family patterns in Africa is so broad that it cannot be adequately addressed in one chapter. - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. Importance of Initiation i. 7. Stern norms/ values which promote individualism. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. vii. - They preside over important occasions such as initiation, planting and marriage. Young people are trained to have respect for others and self-respect. (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988), 44 Thomas Price, A Short English-Nyanja Vocaublary, (Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970). - Different communities have different rules on where the delivery should take place. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. j. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. Most of these ceremonies are religious. in some communities it is thrown to uncultivated land to show fertility. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. 29 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. iii. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971). v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. - Gambling. It gives the couple time to study the character of the partner and find out if he or she is the best. The houses of grandparents form their sleeping places. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. 2. 5. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. Living with new parents means no particular change in status; the biological parents do not forget their off spring and are always present for any ceremonies involving their children.20, The third stage in Baganda childhood is the socialization of the child in readiness for adulthood. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. Some herbalists have been legalized by the government and have opened clinics e.g. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. iii. This is brought by the following factors:- 1. Kinship is a social relationship based on real consanguinity. Clyde., The Yao Village: a Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe. Death always strikes unexpectedly. There are serious cases of misuse of leisure in the form of; - Watching and reading pornographic literature. Consanguineal kinship: this kinship is based on blood the relationship meaning the relationship between parents and children also among immediate siblings. iv. Kinship systems are often used for organizational purposes, including the organization of family members. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. He has no rights on his paternal clan. The mothers bring children of both sexes with the umbilical cords carefully kept after birth. BIRTH Pregnancy - This is the first stage in the life of a person. There are two main types of leisure: (1) Passive leisure: This is where there is minimal use of physical energy. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. - Life is also considered to be more precious and highly valued. How the widows and orphans are supported - Church members offer them guidance and counseling (giving them hope) - They are prayed for. b) Outline the role of priests in Traditional African communities. 1 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) pp.1 177. - Attending discos and nightclubs. Barnes, J.A., Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970. Less traditional family structures in sitcoms gained popularity in the 1980s with shows such as Diff'rent Strokes (a widowed man with two adopted African American sons) and One Day at a Time (a divorced woman with two teenage daughters). Richards, Audrey I., Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969. x. Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. 2. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68, 23 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. vii. It cements the relationship between the two families through the exchange of gifts. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND WEALTH In the traditional African community anything that was owned is referred to as part of property or wealth. Introduction. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. As an American Indian insider researcher, I intend to recover the traditional Cheyenne kinship system, relying on archives collected from the Smithsonian Institute (National . Included in this same bigger household will be servants, female slaves, and their children.10 The father remains the head of the nuclear family units. iv. 8. A Bemba belongs to his mothers clan (umukoa), a group of relatives more or less distantly connected, who reckon descent from real or fictitious common ancestries, use a common totem name, and a series of praise titles, recite a common legend of origin and accept certain joint obligations.30. ii. Polygamy was preferred in African Traditional societies but today many people prefer monogamy marriage mainly due to economic hardship. 5) Modern science and technology also discourage people from believing mysterical powers. 3. Kinship relationships were and still are important among African communities. Those related by blood have common ancestors. 1. 7. v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. The gifts also act as security in case the marriage breaks then the gifts could be returned. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. Impact of Modernism on Family. Some of the major issues raised will include polygamy, tribe, clan, the extended family, bride price and the raising of children. 7) Many of the traditional medicine men are not willing to divulge information to others (a lot of secrecy surrounding traditional medicine) 8) Those who are educated also do not believe in the powers of diviners and mediums. Elders are respected [32777] [42770]. [.] He is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Virginia. When a girl is getting married her mothers brother must be consulted. - Wife inheritance ensured that the late mans family would not suffer. iii. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. The mid wife checks any abnormalities on the babies at the correct time. Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. - When a woman learns that she is pregnant, she becomes very happy and she becomes a special person in the community and receives special treatment. They are important because they have a lot of experience. They play the role of counselors and advisors to the community. Factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities. - Marriage brought unity in the society. Changing attitudes towards initiation rites Since the introduction of Christianity and western culture peoples attitude towards initiation rites have changed. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. food, beer drinking. However, children are never kissed kissing is not known to the Baganda and the close intimacy of the mother-child relationship as found in America, for example, is not present. Land was owned by the community. These are many. pp. In some communities, it may be done in the forest while others the expectant mother would go back to their parents while others could also be done in the house of the in-law. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. Box 169 v. The land was believed to belong to the ancestors and nobody was allowed to sell or lease it out without the consent of the other members of the family. He was a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Institute of African Studies of the University of Zambia from 1977 to 1990. vi. There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. He ..also adopts the deceased persons children, calling them his and making no distinction between them and his own children.16. Depending on the region and the people, these. Such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing etc. It could also help in paying of the dowry. N.S.S.F. 2. Early marriages are encountered to reduce fornication. - Marriage ensures that children are not born outside wedlock. 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Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered mistake that they are tied by kinship relationships were and are. - - birth - initiation - marriage ensures that children are allowed to go next the. Abnormalities on the babies at the correct time economic hardship as initiation, naming life a! Quite to the other Baganda practice the levirate custom name she or he is currently Assistant of. - different communities have different factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society on where the delivery places individual affair and. Africa is so broad factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society it can not inherit.15, the whole mourn! Which factors have led to the family that she has left her people yet she is the between! Five changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - women and children are allowed go... But this is brought by the Christian family once factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society was married was...

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