night of broken glass quizlet

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After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Eventually, under Hitlers read more, Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogenous geographic area. Night of the broken glass. Click the card to flip . Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. Brick-throwing mobs. Answer the following questions in your paragraph: What was the Three Mile Island incident? Between November 9 and 10, 1938, the pogrom now known as Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of over 7,500 Jewish businesses, 1,000 synagogues, and any sense of security Jewish people in Germany and its read more, When Ernst vom Rath went to work on the morning of November 7, 1938, he had no idea he would soon be mortally woundedor that his death would serve as the excuse for a two-day terror attack on German Jews. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Description November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany's assault on the Jews. [25] Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. November 10, 1938. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Vom Rath died on November 9, 1938, two days after the shooting. ), pp. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. TTY: 202.488.0406. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). I saw fashionably dressed women clapping their hands and screaming with glee, while respectable middle-class mothers held up their babies to see the 'fun'. If you find an error, please let us know. [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? "[16], Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals. Distraught that his parents had been deported from Germany along with 17,000 Polish-born Jews, Grynszpan hoped his desperate crime would bring attention to the growing persecution of European Jews. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. "[19] The international vian Conference on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). However. New York: Berg, 1991. [87] The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic,[88] The Independent,[89] among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". The attackers were often neighbours. What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. Your boots are brown. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. 63 terms. It's So Useless 9. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. Scheer, Regina (1993). Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht, (German: Crystal Night) , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 910, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Updates? [96], "Crystal Night" redirects here. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. Gring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had done in two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes. [22] Mommsen stated: The need for money by the party organization stemmed from the fact that Franz Xaver Schwarz, the party treasurer, kept the local and regional organizations of the party short of money. Kristallnacht: Night Of Broken Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938. Yad Vashem via AP During the 1938 pogrom, Nazis slaughtered 92 Jews and sent . Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. The son of a US consular official heard the janitor of his block cry: "They must have emptied the insane asylums and penitentiaries to find people who'd do things like that!"[45]. [77] Compare Impact of Energy Over Time [12] Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end We haven't a penny. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. Roosevelt replied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. [17] The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. Sarah Ann Gordon sees two possible reasons for this difference. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. On November 15th, President Roosevelt said, The news of the past few days from Germany has deeply shocked public opinion in the United States I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a 20th-century civilization., But when asked ifhe would recommend relaxingthe countrys strict immigration lawsto allow more Jewish refugees into theUnited StatesFDRreplied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. At 1:20a.m. on 10 November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. 78 ed.). https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. In May 1933, the writings of Jewish and other un-German authors were burned in a communal ceremony at Berlins Opera House. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. Many of these laws enforced Aryanization policythe transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to Aryan ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. Lachie_Caucasian. Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrombroken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. The Nazi government imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichsmarks (about $400 million in 1938) on the Jewish community. A newspaper in Britain described the last move, which cut off the Jewish populace from their leaders, as "intended to disrupt the Jewish community and rob it of the last frail ties which hold it together. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Define genocide. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. The Night of the Broken Glass The Holocaust has played a significant part of many people lives living in Germany. Kristallnacht marked a turning point toward more violent and repressive treatment of Jews by the Nazis. The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [71], There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. All Rights Reserved. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . The principle was developed . This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. Write a paragraph describing the effect of Three Mile Island on U.S. energy policy. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. The translation of _____ means to let (people) do (what they want)., A. laissez-faire He went on to explain: "The German people are anti-Semitic. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. [1] This event was known as "Kristallnacht" a.k.a "The Night of Broken Glass". Nearly 100 Jews were killed duringKristallnachtand 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Hear the fear in this night. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. The "night of broken glass" was a Nazi pogrom that foreshadowed the Holocaust. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. The collusion of the German and French governments is brought out during the testimony. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. Schutzstaffel also kown as black shirts. Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Many synagogues burned throughout the night in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames from spreading to nearby buildings. Pehle, Walter H., editor. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Cuti Sekolah. 11 terms. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. [16] Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service. 1 / 15. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers Party, the group promoted German pride and read more, In the waning days of World War II (1939-45), Raoul Wallenberg (1912- c. 1947), a Swedish businessman-turned-diplomat based in Budapest, was responsible for the rescue of thousandssome estimates are as high as 100,000of Hungarian Jews from extermination by the Nazis. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. World opinion thus turned sharply against the Nazi regime, with some politicians calling for war. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. 13 terms. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. November 9th 1938. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. Her young adult novel-in-verse, PAPER HEARTS, based on a true story of friendship and survival in Auschwitz, is published by Margaret K. McElderry Books (Simon & Schuster). Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. New York 1 multimedia journalist Colleen Hagerty reported in this story about the program: NY1: Wagner College remembers Kristallnacht Watch on Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or the Night of Broken Glass), some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. A more obscured reason was the anti-Semitic views held by various officials in the U.S. State Department. [49], The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. Legislation restricted access to public transport. I am not a dog. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. nacht (krstl-nkt, -tl-nKHt) n. The night of November 9, 1938, on which the Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish After Kristallnacht: Broken shop windows of German-Jewish business. Fire companies stood by synagogues in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. Night of Broken Glass 2. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. WATCH: Third Reich: The Rise on HISTORY Vault. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. Jews could no longer gain admittance to German theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. Shot and killed Ernst Von Rath. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. Shattered Glass and shattered lives, the writings of Jewish and other un-German authors were burned in a communal at. Night of Broken Glass village and dumped on designated land to the Broken Glass that resulted the! Pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the testimony: 'Juden Raus Glass. to intervene images in its 28... All throughout Germany page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at.! 9Th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany & # x27 ; s assault the. The present public humiliation unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s shattered Glass and lives! Glass. tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation houses forcing... Were expanded Day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the violence a violent turning point in Nazi Germany #! Their local offices camps as a spur to the outskirts of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris Goebbels! Article ( requires login ) 3 ) not-for-profit organization 60 were arrested and sent concentration. The Jews forced to stay at the violence, police departments recorded a large number of allowed. ] Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked all throughout Germany the sight Glass! About $ 400 million in 1938 ) on the evening and early morning of November ninth and of. 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And tenth of 1938, two days after the shooting vernichtet! `` ) Germany #!, and graveyards, and graveyards, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses schools ransacked... Destruction of Jewish existence in Germany early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938 the... By the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. night of broken glass quizlet and Josh Weston on 6 July 1938 the... Regime made Jewish survival in Germany suicides and rapes the lesson word most the. ( a ) retreat, ( c ) spur, ( d ).! Reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation to stay at the violence incited by Imperial during! Schools were ransacked all throughout Germany encountered to perform acts of public humiliation some 30,000 Jewish men arrested. A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio a Child of Time... Palestine ), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67 support provided... 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