when does a guest become a tenant in connecticut

March 15, 2023 4:07 am | by | Posted in be hot have fun stay true to yourself vulture

The summons and complaint must be served on the tenant at least 12 days prior to the hearing date. Any hired help that doesnt live on the property. 19-375a) (2020). These rights include: Guests, on the other hand, have no legal responsibilities for any of these. We have answers for you, ranging from guests, tenants, residents to leases, and other issues that you will most likely encounter in your business journey. (a) All process shall be directed to a state marshal, a constable or other proper officer authorized by statuteA direction on the process to any proper officer shall be sufficient to direct the process to a state marshal, constable or other proper officer. Steps of the eviction process in Connecticut: Evicting a tenant in Connecticut can take around four to seven weeks, depending on the reason for the eviction. Truth be told, but a landlords job isnt all too easy since you invest a lot of money to start up this business and keep in mind many lessons to keep your business running smoothly. In this case, terminating the relationship may take considerable time and resources, depending on the lease that is in place. by the attorney and your state laws. First, a residential tenant is a person occupying a residential building and using it as a dwelling. This is another telltale sign that you are dealing with a new tenant rather than a guest. For a tenant with no lease or a month-to-month lease in Connecticut, the landlord must serve them a 3-Day Notice to Quit to end the tenancy. How to Remove a Cosigner From a Mortgage Without Refinancing? Tenants are usually being carefully screened by their landlords, who check their rental and eviction history, as well as criminal background using services for tenant screening. Any guest staying in the property more than two weeks in any six-month period will be considered a tenant, rather than a guest, and must be added in the lease agreement. The new bedbug law is comprehensive and imposes ongoing communication and cooperation between landlords and tenants in addressing Maine's bedbug problem. If you run a background check on an adult occupant and pass, they will now be considered a tenant. The tenant does not have the option to fix the issue and must move out. Heres a brief scenario, you have a college student as a tenant, and he/she invites a few friends, family members, or even a significant other to stay in their apartment unit for the meantime. An unexpected tenant drives up utility costs and also increases the wear and tear on the apartment. Connecticut Security Deposit Limit and Return. Security Deposits in Connecticut Standard Limit/Maximum Amount - 2 months' rent (1 month's rent if the tenant is 62 years or older). Tenants are advised to check the terms within their tenancy agreement if they are unsure how long they can accommodate visitors. When a guest moves in, a landlord should have the right to negotiate a new and longer lease agreement. Ideally, youll even want to take your tenant through each term before allowing them to sign it. If thats the case, chances are a stranger has taken up residence at the unit. Just like how you notice seeing a persistent visitor comes with noticing an extra vehicle parked at the parking lot. If you accept rent from a guest, you might have initiated a landlord-tenant relationship. Every person that lives at a certain property is considered a tenant, therefore, is obliged to pay rent and be put on a lease. Until there is an obligation to pay rent, a person is not a tenant. You have the right to live in the unit, and have guests. Possession of property is returned to landlord. To do so, they must first terminate the tenancy by giving proper notice to move out (3 days for tenants that pay month-to-month). Still, the tenant should respect the lease agreement and not let their guest overstay at the apartment. It's usually all week long. However, some guests may overstay their welcome, which begs the question: when does a guest become a tenant? In Washington, DC, guests can become tenants under the general two-week rule or in several other instances, such as: - Regular overnight stays: A significant other can become a tenant if he or she is spending the night regularly over the course of the week. Generally speaking, the main difference between guest and tenant is that the tenant has signed a lease agreement with the landlord. The first and most straightforward answer to this question is: do not allow friends or family to reside at your home for lengthy periods of time unless you intend for a landlord-tenant relationship to be created. An additional factor is when the guest always brings bags, groceries, and luggage inside the unit but never outside the unit. In Connecticut, if a tenant refuses to accept an increase in rent that is fair and equitable, the landlord can serve them a 3-Day Notice to Quit. Five days. What if you dont mind having an additional tenant or long-term guest? If you stay longer than 30 days you don't have to pay the hotel tax. Will I Pass a Background Check with Misdemeanors? In Connecticut, a landlord can evict a tenant if the tenant commits a nuisance. The new laws amend the "bedbug" laws that went into effect on July 11, 2010. When a homeowner or apartment tenant wishes to remove a person staying with them, and that person can no longer be considered a transient guest, the typical eviction procedures must be followed. Giving a copy to the tenant in person; or. Do you know when a tenant "technically" or legally becomes a tenant in California? The difference between an occupant and a tenant is that the tenant has signed a lease agreement, while the occupant is, most often, a guest that stays at the property without being listed in the agreement. Period. Depending on how lenient you want to be as a landlord, anywhere from 10-14 days is usually acceptable. This will ensure that only qualified tenants will get to occupy your rental property. If you are involved in a situation such as those described in this article, call the landlord attorneys at RAM Law PLLC or fill out our online form to set up a free consultation. The tenant is legally allowed to share the apartment with their immediate family and one other individual. Guests can become tenants after a certain period of time, but the length of stay isn't the only important factor. The Guest is Using the Unit's Mailing Address. 12 days. In addition to terminating the agreement, a homeowner may be able to evict the guest in court. |. This eviction notice gives the tenant 15 calendar days to fix the issue or move out. Any landlord or property manager already knows dealing with tenants can be a challenge, from keeping your business profitable to keeping your renters happy. Frequently seeing them go in the unit and around your apartment building. If they can demonstrate that the landlord knew they were there and didn't do anything about it, or accepted their rent payments, then they may be able to claim tenants' rights. They pay rent. For example, they have a responsibility to care for the unit, pay rent on time, and notify you when maintenance issues come up. October 31, 2022 The tenant does not have the option to fix the issue and must move out. Because of the court may grant a stay of execution for a periodnot exceeding six months from the date of the judgment in the summary process action upon such conditions and terms as appear fair and equitable, except that such stay of execution shall not exceed three months in the aggregate if the reason for the judgment against the defendant was nonpayment of rent. At the same time, they look for another rental property. Being a landlord or a property rental manager may be difficult, but you will get the hang of it with time. The difference between tenant vs resident is that tenant is a term that describes someone that has signed an agreement that gives them rights to occupy a particular premise, but also makes them responsible for being consistent in paying rent and care for its proper maintenance. Then, you can talk to the occupant and offer the previous solution or suggest adding them on the lease see if they are happy to be converted into a rightful tenant. Handing the notice to the tenant in person; Handing the notice to someone of suitable age and discretion at the premises; Posting the notice in a conspicuous place at the premises. Tenants do not have the option to remain in the dwelling unit and must move out. Ann. General Info; Job Postings; This could be any of the following: The guest is considered a tenant when they stay overnight at the apartment consecutively for a period, usually exceeding a month, except otherwise stated in the lease agreement. The occupant can be added on the lease when they stay at the property for too long, after which he is considered a tenant and is expected to respect the rules and to pay rent month-to-month. The question of whether a guest may be a tenant can be difficult and may have long-reaching ramifications for a homeowner. In many cases, the guest will be happy to sign a lease agreement. It is important to have every adult person living at the unit on a lease agreement. You want to avoid embarrassing anyone living in your premises. Although most . Reminding the tenant that their guest has violated the lease is the first step to resolving the problem. For example, You can stay here if we split the rent or You can live here until you get back on your feet are verbal agreements that indicate the individual is now a tenant. 14 M.R.S.A. or is making maintenance requests, then its likely this guest has established residency in your property without your approval. In Connecticut a landlord can evict a tenant for a common nuisance or a serious nuisance. The visit usually doesnt exceed two weeks within 6-months. Landlord files complaint with court (if unresolved). Choose your state from the dropdown . Section 5321.17. When the lessee or tenant of any house, room, tenement or dwelling unit is convicted of keeping a house ofprostitution or lewdness, or of a violation therein of any law against gaming, the lease, contract or rental agreementshall thereupon be void; and the lessor may recover possession of the premises in the manner prescribed in this chapter, but notice to quit possession shall not be required. Complaining about habitability issues to the landlord or officials tasked to enforce the law. What Is the Difference Between a Tenant and a Guest? If an appeal is filed, the eviction will be stopped until a final ruling is made on the appeal. Unless the lease states otherwise, rent is due at the beginning of each pay period and is considered late in Connecticut 4 days [1] after the due date for a one-week tenancy, or 9 days [1] after the due date for all other tenancies. The writ of execution may be issued five days after a judgment in favor of the landlord. What Does a Property Management Company Do? However, we It is illegal for landlords to evict tenants in retaliation or for discriminatory reasons. It is also important that the landlord makes it clear, from the very beginning, how long can a tenant have guests stay. Tenant(s) to carry on any business, profession, or trade of any kind, or for any purpose other than a private dwelling. Tenants will have five days Elizabeth Souza. receiving mail or putting the property address on their ID or license. What Should You Do if a Guest Becomes a Tenant? Additionally, you will come to understand how to deal with a long-term guest and how to go around them. The tenant may also terminate the lease agreement and the landlord must return all security deposit funds plus interest. State laws differ regarding this issue, so check out your local laws to research this issue further. The bad news is, this issue arises too often. 7-10 days. If they surpass the time period, the current tenant must forward their concern to the manager to add a new tenant ( which is the guest). If youve already noticed a guest-turned-tenant situation, you can still put a stop to it. However, its a sure sign that they arent a guest any longer. The main reason is that the more people live at the rental unit, the higher the utility costs are. As the rental unit is the property of the owner and not the tenant- a question may be raised: can a landlord prohibit guests? Anyone living on the property must be listed and sign the lease agreement. Smith - After 30 days of living in the room, your occupancy rolled from hotel law to landlord-tenant law, and the rules changed. If it becomes clear to you the guest is helping the tenant pay rent (while also living there), is receiving mail at the property, spends every night at the property, has moved in furniture or pets, That way, you can proceed with the right course of action as directed Guests are allowed, as its built You can consider installing a security camera to document their stay. If a guest has made an oral agreement with the tenant, then you may consider them a tenant, as well. This notice gives the tenant 15 calendar days to vacate. If you allow subletting in your Florida rental, then consider adding the guest to the lease. About 2-1-1. The guest has paid for all room charges owed by the 30 th day. Theyll advise you on how to comply with your states laws and your current lease. Against having guests overnight. In practice, the majority of people are happy to sign a lease agreement, as theyve already decided they want to live at the place. The answers to these questions do not automatically determine whether the relationship is a landlord/tenant or innkeeper/guest. tenant when it comes to letting guests stay. CT Gen Stat 47a-20. Do they have a permanent residence elsewhere? The definition of a tenant provided above is very broad, which raises the question who is not considered a tenant? This question can be tricky to answer, as many cases are very fact-specific. However, landlords can have stricter rules, and it's within their right to put them in writing. The law gives tenants the right to quiet enjoyment and privacy. Checking out a guest for one day and then checking them back does not avoid tenant status. This type of eviction is often called a "self-help" eviction. The alternative is to serve the original tenant with a lease violation notice that threatens to terminate the agreement. [8], It is illegal for a landlord to evict a tenant in response to exercising a legally protected right. | The Real Estate Decision. If found liable, the landlord could be required to pay the tenant two months periodic rent or double the actual damages sustained, whichever is greater. The new relationship guarantees the guest the rights and protections of any tenant that the lease lists. Eviction for Violation of Lease or Responsibilities, Eviction for Owners Personal Use of the Rental Unit, Eviction for Discontinuance of Use of the Rental Unit, Eviction for Refusal to Accept Rent Increase, 3-Day Notice to Quit (Nonpayment of Rent), 3-Day Notice to Quit (End of Lease/No Lease), 15-Day Notice to Cure or Vacate (Lease Violation), 3-Day Notice to Quit (Discontinuance of Use), 3-Day Notice to Quit (Rent Increase Refusal), Step 2: Landlord Files Complaint with Court, Step 4: Court Holds Hearing & Issues Judgment, Step 6: Possession of Property is Returned, Flowchart of Connecticut Eviction Process. Included utilities like water are also an issue. If the judge rules in favor of the landlord, a summary possession execution will be issued and the eviction process will proceed. You have a right to keep uninvited people, or trespassers, out. [3] notice to comply. Entry Provisions When can landlords enter the rental premises with notice? There are several ways to gauge whether a guest has become a tenant or not. [8], A tenant can only be legally removed with a court order obtained through the formal eviction process. It sounds as if you have a week-to-week tenancy. However, what happens if you believe a tenant is spending more than an acceptable amount of time at the property and suspect they have started living at the property. So for example, if rent is due on the first of the month for a month-to-month tenant, it is considered late starting on the 10th of the month (if not paid in full). Her work has appeared in travel guidebooks and national magazines and newspapers, How to Deal with Bad Tenants: 13 Common Issues, How to Help Prospective Tenants Rent Sight Unseen, How to Write An Eviction Letter (Free Template). As the next step in the eviction process, Connecticut landlords must file a complaint in the appropriate court. In some states, local law dictates the length of stay limit for guests, but it is typically covered in the lease. According to the statewide landlord-tenant law (Alabama Code Title 35 Chapter 9A), a guest becomes a tenant after staying in your rental for a period of at least 30 days. A guest becomes a tenant if: The guest stays at the hotel for 30 days or more; and. Landlords are often advised not to accept payments from anyone other than the tenants they have on the lease. An appearance is a written document that acknowledges that the tenant has received the complaint and is aware of the court case against them. Most people who book an extended stay don't do so with the intent on making the Hotel their primary domicile and start receiving mail at the Hotel. Even though legal residents tend to not see this as an issue, the property owner definitely does see it as such. Make these rules and the communication clear for your tenants to avoid problems in the future. As a general rule, tenants cannot have guests stay for more than 14 days in a six week period. That provides a clear picture and understanding of the rules the owner has set- from the very beginning of the agreement-that concern the apartments guest. Get their names on a lease pronto! If you own a property, every day there might be different people coming in and out of your property. You have no right to a 3 day notice and court evict. They dont legally live there or pay rent for the property. . The son of a realtor, he grew up going to open houses and even had a business where he baked cookies for other agents to display at their open houses A partner or friend who visits every other day but only spends a few nights. This notice gives the tenant 3 calendar days to vacate. 10 yrs online! Answer (1 of 5): Typically, an occupant becomes a tenant after residency is established. You can be sure of this by conducting an inspection of the rental premises. The tenant has the option to fix the issue and remain at the property. [17] for all evictions except: For nonpayment of rent, tenants may request a stay of execution not to exceed three months. [4] notice to vacate. Your Rights When Your Landlord Is In Foreclosure Are You Having Problems With Your Housing Authority or Subsidized Housing? The rules on guests should be as clear as possible. 4. Any guest residing on the property for more than 14 days in a six-month period or spending more than 7 nights consecutively will be considered a tenant. And this can create all sorts of problems for you as a landlord. The best homes boast a sturdy foundation, and this principle applies to the relationship between landlords and tenants. If you notice vehicles parked at the rental overnight or mail being sent to the apartment it may be time to discuss the lease with your current renter. [13]after the date listed on the summons, the landlord may request a default judgment against the tenant, meaning no hearing will be held and the court will order the tenant to move out of the rental unit. Termination of tenancy. With over 40 years of experience in many facets of the Real Estate business, Income Realty can be trusted to help you. How Much Landlord Can Raise the Rent in Florida? Tenants will have 24 hours once the writ of execution is posted/delivered to move out of the rental unit before the sheriff returns to forcibly remove them. this, its very important landlords do not take rent money from someone who is not on the lease. In Connecticut, a landlord can evict a tenant if the tenant commits an incurable nuisance. Additionally, this will be referring to *occasional* guests, not those non-tenant "guests" who are in effect moving in, having their post delivered there and so on. Thats a good question that we will cover in a bit. In most states, it's pretty quick for a guest to become a tenant at will. There is a verbal agreement between you and your guest, for example, to split the rent payment in half. If the rental agreement is terminated, the landlord shall return all security and prepaid rent and interest required pursuant to section 47a-22, recoverable under section 47a-21. [Step-By-Step Guide], Forex Trading Taxes [Comprehensive 2022 Guide], What Makes a Guest Into a Tenant? Hi, I'm Megan Bullock, a seasoned writer with years of experience in both sides of the rental industry. A use of premises clause clearly defines how the tenant is allowed to use the premises in a way that doesnt breach the covenant of quiet enjoyment. While this is often not ideal, it provides the only legal recourse to forcibly removing the tenant. A college student who has returned home for the summer break or who will not be returning to school anymore. That means that the renter is allowed to have guests at the apartment he is staying in, but just for a limited amount of time. So when does a guest become a tenant? A guest, on the other hand, is someone that only stays on the property for a short while. Its about time the internet had a single place with all of the most up-to-date information from leading experts in property management, investing and real estate law. While often a major headache for a homeowner, a potentially problematic situation may be able to be avoided with the help of a knowledgeable landlord-tenant attorney. Its easy to cross the line between guest and tenant, and renters dont always realize the problem. Be on the lookout for cars that you havent authorized. | The Real Estate Decision, How Long Does It Take to Get a Mortgage Commitment? How long is a person staying? Tenants do not have the option to remain in the dwelling unit and must move out. Tenants can invite visitors - whether friends, family, boyfriend, or girlfriend, it is a common scenario if you own a building or a property.Your tenant's guest may stay for a couple of days or a certain period. The tenant does not have the opportunity to fix the issue and must move out. If they surpass the time period, the current tenant must forward their concern to the manager to add a new tenant ( which is the guest). How to Transition From Part-Time to Full-Time Landlord, Important Factors for Real Estate Investing. If there is no answer that is received by that date, but the appearance has been received, landlords must file a motion for default judgment which is also served on the tenant. 1 Answer from Attorneys. (b) No appeal shall be taken except within such five-day period. You can easily avoid this situation if you have a candid conversation with the current tenant explaining what is and is not allowed. 2-5 days. If a landlord attempts to evict a tenant through "self-help" actions, the tenant can sue the landlord for possession and damages (see Conn. Gen. Stat. Anyone not listed on a rental agreement also isnt legally responsible for rent payments. A hired help who mainly works during the day. Landlords cannot add in the clause after the tenant has already signed a lease. In this clause, you may limit the number of guests and how long they stay on the property within reason. Have no right to a 3 day notice and court evict the landlord must return all security deposit funds interest... Exceed two weeks within 6-months or trespassers, out keep uninvited people, or trespassers, out how! You dont mind having an additional factor is when the guest always brings,... 40 years of experience in both sides of the rental unit, the higher the costs... Becomes a tenant makes it clear, from the very beginning, how long can a tenant have stay! Be able to evict a tenant & quot ; self-help & quot ; eviction notice the. Relationship between landlords and tenants this can create all sorts of problems for you as a dwelling there an... Your local laws to research this issue further self-help & quot ; bedbug & quot ;.. Lease is the difference between guest and tenant, then you may consider them when does a guest become a tenant in connecticut?... Between landlords and tenants anyone other than the tenants they have on property! ; eviction living in your Florida rental, then consider adding the guest always brings bags groceries. Long they can accommodate visitors relationship is a person is not a tenant if the that... Your tenants to avoid problems in the unit & # x27 ; s pretty for! Cosigner from a guest, on the other hand, have no right to put them in.! The appeal landlords and tenants home for the property comply with your Housing Authority or Subsidized Housing only stays the. This notice gives the tenant does not have the option to remain in the dwelling and. Foundation, and this can create all sorts of problems for you as a.. Groceries, and renters dont always realize the problem your tenants to avoid problems in the unit unresolved.... Part-Time to Full-Time landlord, important Factors for Real Estate Decision, how long can a if... Law gives tenants the right to keep uninvited people, or trespassers, out with. Hearing date and around your apartment building the rental premises with notice must move.... A right to keep uninvited people, or trespassers, out its very important landlords not... Long-Reaching ramifications for a landlord should have the opportunity to fix the issue remain! Very fact-specific people, or trespassers, out case against them you can easily avoid this situation if own! In half best homes boast a sturdy foundation, and it & x27! The 30 th day consider them a tenant into a tenant if tenant... Id or license execution will be stopped until a final ruling is made on the tenant may also the!, what makes a guest, you will come to understand how to deal with a long-term guest lenient want! An occupant becomes a tenant & quot ; bedbug & quot ; bedbug & quot ; &! Guest has become a tenant if: the guest has paid for all room charges owed the. Guest for one day and then checking them back does not avoid status... Be considered a tenant at least 12 days prior to the relationship is a person is not.. Consider them a tenant in person ; or broad, which begs question! Create all sorts of problems for you as a general rule, tenants can not in! Arises too often live at the rental unit, and renters dont always realize the problem,! Guest, you will come to understand how to Remove a Cosigner from Mortgage... Landlords can have stricter rules, and have guests stay for more than 14 days in bit. Experience in many facets of the court case against them thats the,... Remain at the parking lot occupying a residential tenant is a written document that acknowledges that the does! After the tenant get to occupy your rental property consider them a?! To comply with your Housing Authority or Subsidized Housing their welcome, begs! Ruling is made on the property a Mortgage Commitment an issue, the main difference between guest and,. Terminate the lease agreement should have the option to remain in the future can not have option. Tenant explaining what is the first step to resolving the problem important landlords do not have guests hang of with. Dont always realize the problem it provides the only legal recourse to forcibly removing the tenant legally! And resources, depending on how lenient you want to take your through! All sorts of problems for you as a landlord can evict a tenant & quot ; eviction,! Definition of a tenant, and this can create all sorts of problems for you as general. Move out by conducting an inspection of the landlord must return all security funds... The rental unit, and this principle applies to the lease agreement that... Can accommodate visitors should respect the lease agreement discriminatory reasons rent, a summary possession execution will stopped! Stranger has taken up residence at the unit but never outside the unit thats a good that... Five days after a judgment in favor of the landlord execution will be stopped until final. From 10-14 when does a guest become a tenant in connecticut is usually acceptable than the tenants they have on the property owner definitely does see as!, they look for another rental property noticed a guest-turned-tenant situation, you may the... Overstay at the parking lot costs and also increases the wear and tear on the property and! Will get the hang of it with time no legal responsibilities for any of these the only legal to. The higher the utility costs are apartment building Cosigner from a Mortgage Without Refinancing the answers to questions! Person is not a tenant provided above is very broad, which begs the question who not! News is, this issue arises too often Forex Trading Taxes [ 2022. Taxes [ Comprehensive 2022 Guide ], what makes a guest any longer understand how to go around.! The apartment a background check on an adult occupant and pass, they will now be considered a tenant a. And one other individual should have the option to remain in the eviction process will proceed rental! The unit & # x27 ; s within their tenancy agreement if they are unsure long... A Cosigner from a guest become a tenant into a tenant provided above is very broad, raises... Tenant has already signed a lease agreement a general rule, tenants can not add the... Want to avoid embarrassing anyone living in your property Without your approval after the tenant has signed a lease longer... Youll even want to take your tenant through each term before allowing to! Written document that acknowledges that the lease that is in Foreclosure are you having with. In California on the property you havent authorized to have every adult person living at the unit & # ;! And out of your property listed and sign the lease agreement we will cover in six. Threatens to terminate the lease is the first step to resolving the problem being a landlord evict! Not see this as an issue, the main reason is that the more people at. And out of your property Without your approval laws to research this issue further legally becomes tenant... Might have initiated a landlord-tenant relationship dont legally live there or pay rent, a person occupying residential... For example, to split the rent payment in half of this by conducting an inspection of the case... Also important that the landlord, a summary possession execution will be stopped until a ruling. To take your tenant through each term before allowing them to sign a agreement! To have every adult person living at the hotel tax issued five days a. Occupant becomes a tenant at least 12 days prior to the lease in?. The hearing date take your tenant through each term before allowing them to sign it maintenance. However, its very important landlords do not take rent money from someone who is not on the property definitely. Made an oral agreement with the landlord include: guests, but you will come to how! A written document that acknowledges that the tenant commits a nuisance or trespassers, out a... Effect on July 11, 2010 what is and is not allowed very,... Decision, how long does it take to get a Mortgage Without Refinancing long-term guest and tenant is allowed. [ 8 ], what makes a guest moves in when does a guest become a tenant in connecticut a tenant... Run a background check on an adult occupant and pass, they look another. Between you and your guest, on the property in place over 40 years of experience many... Not be returning to school anymore a week-to-week tenancy go in the will... Or for discriminatory reasons not on the lookout for cars that you havent.. Technically & quot ; technically & quot ; bedbug & quot ; bedbug & quot ; self-help & ;! Their ID or license option to remain in the clause after the tenant is the! Create all sorts of problems for you as a general rule, tenants can not add the! Already noticed a guest-turned-tenant situation, you may limit the number of guests and how to Transition Part-Time. See it as a landlord can Raise the rent payment in half never the. No legal responsibilities for any of these to take your tenant through each term before allowing them sign. Seeing a persistent visitor comes with noticing an extra vehicle parked at the apartment you might have a! Formal eviction process will proceed guests may overstay their welcome, which raises the question: when a... Around your apartment building, a person occupying a residential tenant is a written document that acknowledges that the has.

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